Math Problem Statement

q_{0} = 1 , q_{1} = x , q_{2} = x ^ 2 - 1/3 where {q_{i}} is the set of orthogonal monomials in the interval [-1,1] with respect to the standard square norm of the differentiable func- tions. Compute q_{3} and then express x ^ 3 as a q_{0} to q_{3}

Solution

To solve this problem, we need to compute q3q_3, the next orthogonal polynomial in the sequence, and then express x3x^3 as a linear combination of the polynomials q0,q1,q2,q3q_0, q_1, q_2, q_3.

Step 1: Orthogonality Condition

The polynomials {qi}\{q_i\} are orthogonal with respect to the standard square norm on the interval [1,1][-1, 1], which means that for any two different polynomials qiq_i and qjq_j:

11qi(x)qj(x)dx=0for ij\int_{-1}^{1} q_i(x) q_j(x) \, dx = 0 \quad \text{for } i \neq j

Step 2: Determine q3(x)q_3(x)

Assume that q3(x)q_3(x) has the general form of a cubic polynomial:

q3(x)=x3+a2x2+a1x+a0q_3(x) = x^3 + a_2 x^2 + a_1 x + a_0

The orthogonality condition requires q3(x)q_3(x) to be orthogonal to q0(x)=1q_0(x) = 1, q1(x)=xq_1(x) = x, and q2(x)=x213q_2(x) = x^2 - \frac{1}{3}.

Let's calculate the coefficients a2a_2, a1a_1, and a0a_0 by ensuring orthogonality with respect to q0(x)q_0(x), q1(x)q_1(x), and q2(x)q_2(x).

Orthogonality with q0(x)=1q_0(x) = 1:

11q3(x)1dx=11(x3+a2x2+a1x+a0)dx=0\int_{-1}^{1} q_3(x) \cdot 1 \, dx = \int_{-1}^{1} \left( x^3 + a_2 x^2 + a_1 x + a_0 \right) dx = 0

Evaluating the integrals:

11x3dx=0,11x2dx=23,11xdx=0,111dx=2\int_{-1}^{1} x^3 \, dx = 0, \quad \int_{-1}^{1} x^2 \, dx = \frac{2}{3}, \quad \int_{-1}^{1} x \, dx = 0, \quad \int_{-1}^{1} 1 \, dx = 2

This gives:

a223+2a0=0a0=a23a_2 \cdot \frac{2}{3} + 2a_0 = 0 \quad \Rightarrow \quad a_0 = -\frac{a_2}{3}

Orthogonality with q1(x)=xq_1(x) = x:

11q3(x)xdx=11(x4+a2x3+a1x2+a0x)dx=0\int_{-1}^{1} q_3(x) \cdot x \, dx = \int_{-1}^{1} \left( x^4 + a_2 x^3 + a_1 x^2 + a_0 x \right) dx = 0

Evaluating the integrals:

11x4dx=25,11x3dx=0,11x2dx=23,11xdx=0\int_{-1}^{1} x^4 \, dx = \frac{2}{5}, \quad \int_{-1}^{1} x^3 \, dx = 0, \quad \int_{-1}^{1} x^2 \, dx = \frac{2}{3}, \quad \int_{-1}^{1} x \, dx = 0

This simplifies to:

a123=0a1=0a_1 \cdot \frac{2}{3} = 0 \quad \Rightarrow \quad a_1 = 0

Orthogonality with q2(x)=x213q_2(x) = x^2 - \frac{1}{3}:

[ \int_{-1}^{1} q_3(x) \cdot \left(x^2 - \frac{1}{3}\right) dx = \int_{-1

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Orthogonal polynomials
Integral calculus
Polynomial orthogonality

Formulas

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Theorems

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Suitable Grade Level

College Level