Math Problem Statement

A closed cylinder is placed inside a sphere such that it just fits. The ratio of the cylinder's height to its diameter is 2:1. What is the ratio of the volume of the sphere to the volume of the cylinder?

Solution

Let's break this down and solve it step by step.

Given:

  • A closed cylinder is placed inside a sphere such that it just fits.
  • The ratio of the height (h) of the cylinder to its diameter (d) is 2:1, so h=2dh = 2d.
  • We need to find the ratio of the volume of the sphere to the volume of the cylinder.

Step 1: Relationship between the dimensions of the cylinder and sphere

Since the cylinder just fits inside the sphere, the diameter of the sphere must be equal to the diagonal of the cylinder. The diagonal of the cylinder can be found using the Pythagorean theorem, as the diagonal spans across the height and the diameter of the cylinder.

The diagonal, DD, of the cylinder is given by: D=h2+d2D = \sqrt{h^2 + d^2} Since h=2dh = 2d, we can substitute this into the equation: D=(2d)2+d2=4d2+d2=5d2=d5D = \sqrt{(2d)^2 + d^2} = \sqrt{4d^2 + d^2} = \sqrt{5d^2} = d\sqrt{5} Thus, the diameter of the sphere is D=d5D = d\sqrt{5}, which means the radius RR of the sphere is: R=d52R = \frac{d\sqrt{5}}{2}

Step 2: Volume of the cylinder

The volume VcylinderV_{\text{cylinder}} of a cylinder is given by: Vcylinder=πr2hV_{\text{cylinder}} = \pi r^2 h The radius of the cylinder is r=d2r = \frac{d}{2}, and the height h=2dh = 2d, so: Vcylinder=π(d2)2(2d)=πd24×2d=πd32V_{\text{cylinder}} = \pi \left(\frac{d}{2}\right)^2 (2d) = \pi \frac{d^2}{4} \times 2d = \frac{\pi d^3}{2}

Step 3: Volume of the sphere

The volume VsphereV_{\text{sphere}} of a sphere is given by: Vsphere=43πR3V_{\text{sphere}} = \frac{4}{3} \pi R^3 We already know that R=d52R = \frac{d\sqrt{5}}{2}, so: Vsphere=43π(d52)3=43πd3(53/2)8=43πd3558=πd3556V_{\text{sphere}} = \frac{4}{3} \pi \left(\frac{d\sqrt{5}}{2}\right)^3 = \frac{4}{3} \pi \frac{d^3 (5^{3/2})}{8} = \frac{4}{3} \pi \frac{d^3 5\sqrt{5}}{8} = \frac{\pi d^3 5\sqrt{5}}{6}

Step 4: Ratio of the volumes

Now, we calculate the ratio of the volume of the sphere to the volume of the cylinder: Ratio=VsphereVcylinder=πd3556πd32=556×21=553\text{Ratio} = \frac{V_{\text{sphere}}}{V_{\text{cylinder}}} = \frac{\frac{\pi d^3 5\sqrt{5}}{6}}{\frac{\pi d^3}{2}} = \frac{5\sqrt{5}}{6} \times \frac{2}{1} = \frac{5\sqrt{5}}{3}

Thus, the ratio of the volume of the sphere to the volume of the cylinder is 553\frac{5\sqrt{5}}{3}.

The correct answer is option (e).

Would you like any further details or have any questions? Here are some related questions you might find interesting:

  1. What would be the ratio if the cylinder's height was equal to its diameter?
  2. How does the volume of a cone compare to a cylinder with the same height and base?
  3. What is the relationship between surface area and volume for a sphere?
  4. How does the diagonal of a cuboid change when one dimension is doubled?
  5. Can a cylinder fit inside a cube with its height equal to the cube's edge length?

Tip: When calculating volumes for 3D shapes like spheres and cylinders, be mindful of how their dimensions (height, radius, diameter) interrelate!

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Geometry
Volume of 3D shapes
Ratios

Formulas

Volume of a sphere: V = (4/3)πR^3
Volume of a cylinder: V = πr^2h
Pythagorean theorem to calculate the diagonal: D = √(h^2 + d^2)

Theorems

Pythagorean Theorem
Volume Formulas for Cylinder and Sphere

Suitable Grade Level

High School (Grades 10-12)