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The uploaded image appears to be a page from a textbook discussing the Hardy-Weinberg principle and the effect of selection pressures. To provide a detailed explanation and help with any calculations, I'll break down the relevant information and concepts.

### Hardy-Weinberg Principle

The Hardy-Weinberg principle is a fundamental concept in population genetics that provides a mathematical baseline for studying genetic variation in a population. It states that allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences. The five key conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are:
1. **Large Population Size**: To minimize genetic drift.
2. **No Migration**: No gene flow between populations.
3. **No Mutation**: The alleles do not change due to mutation.
4. **Random Mating**: Individuals pair by chance.
5. **No Natural Selection**: All genotypes have equal reproductive success.

### Mathematical Formulation

1. **Allele Frequencies**: Let \( p \) represent the frequency of the dominant allele (A) and \( q \) the frequency of the recessive allele (a). Thus, \( p + q = 1 \).

2. **Genotype Frequencies**: The frequencies of the genotypes in the population are given by:
   - Homozygous dominant (\( AA \)): \( p^2 \)
   - Heterozygous (\( Aa \)): \( 2pq \)
   - Homozygous recessive (\( aa \)): \( q^2 \)
   
   Therefore, the equation \( p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 \) holds.

### Effect of Selection Pressures

Selection pressures can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by favoring certain alleles over others. This can be due to environmental factors, predation, diseases, or other selective agents. The textbook likely explains a specific example or an experimental setup to demonstrate this effect.

### Provided Information

The page includes a diagram showing a model for the Hardy-Weinberg principle, presumably using a bean or bead model to simulate allele frequencies in a population over generations.

### Procedures and Experiment

The text describes a procedure to verify the Hardy-Weinberg principle. Here are the key steps from the procedure:
1. Draw a representative sample from a population.
2. Record the frequency of alleles and genotypes.
3. Simulate mating by randomly pairing alleles.
4. Calculate expected frequencies.
5. Compare observed and expected frequencies to check for deviations.

### Questions and Detailed Steps

If you need specific details or have any questions about the procedure, calculations, or concepts explained here, please let me know. Here are some follow-up questions to explore further:

1. What is the significance of each condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
2. How do you calculate allele frequencies from genotype frequencies in a population?
3. What are some real-world examples where the Hardy-Weinberg principle is applied?
4. How can mutation rates affect allele frequencies over time?
5. What role does genetic drift play in small populations?
6. How does migration alter allele frequencies in a population?
7. What are some methods to test if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
8. Can you explain a scenario where natural selection would disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

### Tip

When solving problems related to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, always verify if the population meets the equilibrium conditions. If not, consider which evolutionary force (e.g., selection, drift, migration) might be at play.

Explore the Hardy-Weinberg principle and its application to genetic variation in populations. Learn about allele and genotype frequencies, selection pressures, and conditions affecting genetic equilibrium. Suitable for advanced high school students and beyond.

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