Math Problem Statement

Using trigonometric substitution, evaluate the following integral: \int \frac{1}{(81 + x^2)^{3/2}} \ dx.

Solution

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Using trigonometric substitution, evaluate the following integral:

dx(81+x2)2\int \frac{dx}{(81 + x^2)^2}

This is an integral that can be solved using a trigonometric substitution. To evaluate this, we will use the substitution method where we set x=9tan(θ)x = 9 \tan(\theta) to simplify the denominator.

Steps for solving:

  1. Substitute x=9tan(θ)x = 9 \tan(\theta), hence dx=9sec2(θ)dθdx = 9 \sec^2(\theta) \, d\theta.
  2. Substitute into the integral: 9sec2(θ)dθ(81+(9tan(θ))2)2\int \frac{9 \sec^2(\theta) \, d\theta}{(81 + (9 \tan(\theta))^2)^2}
  3. Simplify the expression, using the identity 1+tan2(θ)=sec2(θ)1 + \tan^2(\theta) = \sec^2(\theta), to rewrite the integrand in terms of sec(θ)\sec(\theta).
  4. Integrate, then back-substitute θ\theta to express the result in terms of xx.

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Trigonometric Substitution
Integral Calculus
Definite Integration

Formulas

x = a * tan(θ), dx = a * sec^2(θ) dθ
1 + tan^2(θ) = sec^2(θ)

Theorems

Trigonometric Identity
Substitution Method for Integration

Suitable Grade Level

College Level Calculus or Advanced High School Calculus