Math Problem Statement

Solve the given mathematical problems involving calculations, comparisons of expressions, and identifying prime numbers with specific conditions.

Solution

Let me analyze the math content in the image step by step. I'll solve each question and provide detailed explanations. Here's the breakdown of what I can see:


Problem 1: Simplify or calculate the following expressions

  1. (a) 32.5632.2532.19-32.56 - 32.25 - 32.19
    Combine terms directly: 32.5632.2532.19=(32.56+32.25+32.19)=97.00-32.56 - 32.25 - 32.19 = -(32.56 + 32.25 + 32.19) = -97.00

  2. (b) 932531821252\frac{9^3 \cdot 25^3}{18^2 \cdot 125^2}
    Simplify the powers and factors:

    • 9=329 = 3^2 and 25=5225 = 5^2, so 93=369^3 = 3^6 and 253=5625^3 = 5^6.
    • 18=23218 = 2 \cdot 3^2, so 182=223418^2 = 2^2 \cdot 3^4, and 125=53125 = 5^3, so 1252=56125^2 = 5^6.
      The expression becomes: 3656223456=36456622=3222=94.\frac{3^6 \cdot 5^6}{2^2 \cdot 3^4 \cdot 5^6} = \frac{3^{6-4} \cdot 5^{6-6}}{2^2} = \frac{3^2}{2^2} = \frac{9}{4}.
  3. (c) (34216)2111213411169\frac{(3 \cdot 4 \cdot 2^{16})^2}{11 \cdot 12^{13} \cdot 4^{11} \cdot 16^9}
    Rewrite terms in powers:

    • 4=224 = 2^2, 16=2416 = 2^4, so 411=2224^{11} = 2^{22} and 169=23616^9 = 2^{36}.
    • (34216)2=3242232=3224232=32236(3 \cdot 4 \cdot 2^{16})^2 = 3^2 \cdot 4^2 \cdot 2^{32} = 3^2 \cdot 2^4 \cdot 2^{32} = 3^2 \cdot 2^{36}.
      The denominator becomes: 111213411169=11(223)13222236=11226313236.11 \cdot 12^{13} \cdot 4^{11} \cdot 16^9 = 11 \cdot (2^2 \cdot 3)^{13} \cdot 2^{22} \cdot 2^{36} = 11 \cdot 2^{26} \cdot 3^{13} \cdot 2^{36}. Combining terms: 3223611258313=32132365811=31122211.\frac{3^2 \cdot 2^{36}}{11 \cdot 2^{58} \cdot 3^{13}} = \frac{3^{2-13} \cdot 2^{36-58}}{11} = \frac{3^{-11} \cdot 2^{-22}}{11}.

    Simplify further if needed.


Problem 2: Compare AA and BB

  • A=1+2012+20122++201272A = 1 + 2012 + 2012^2 + \ldots + 2012^{72}, which is a geometric series with first term a=1a = 1, common ratio r=2012r = 2012, and n=73n = 73 terms.
    The sum of a geometric series is: A=1(2012731)20121.A = \frac{1 \cdot (2012^{73} - 1)}{2012 - 1}.

  • B=2012731B = 2012^{73} - 1.

Clearly, A<BA < B because AA is a fraction of BB.


Problem 3: Compare EE and QQ

  • E=201899120181001E = \frac{2018^{99} - 1}{2018^{100} - 1}.
    Divide numerator and denominator by 2018992018^{99}: E=11201899112018100.E = \frac{1 - \frac{1}{2018^{99}}}{1 - \frac{1}{2018^{100}}}.

  • Q=20189812018991Q = \frac{2018^{98} - 1}{2018^{99} - 1}.
    Similarly: Q=1120189811201899.Q = \frac{1 - \frac{1}{2018^{98}}}{1 - \frac{1}{2018^{99}}}.

Since 201899>2018982018^{99} > 2018^{98}, it follows that E>QE > Q.


Problem 4: Find prime numbers pp such that p+8p + 8 and p+10p + 10 are also prime.

Let pp be a prime number. For p+8p + 8 and p+10p + 10 to also be prime:

  • p2p \neq 2 (since p+8p+8 would be even and not prime).
  • Test small odd primes pp:
    • p=3p = 3: 3+8=113+8 = 11 (prime), 3+10=133+10 = 13 (prime).
    • p=5p = 5: 5+8=135+8 = 13 (prime), 5+10=155+10 = 15 (not prime).

Thus, p=3p = 3 works.


Would you like more detailed explanations or solutions for any of these problems?

Here are 5 related questions to explore further:

  1. What is the general formula for simplifying geometric series?
  2. How can we systematically find prime numbers that satisfy multiple conditions?
  3. Can EE and QQ in Problem 3 be expressed as limits as nn \to \infty?
  4. What patterns exist for primes pp where p+kp + k (for fixed kk) is also prime?
  5. How do properties of exponents simplify expressions like those in Problem 1(b)?

Tip: For simplifying powers and factorial-like terms, factorize numbers into primes early—it helps to cancel terms efficiently!

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Arithmetic operations
Exponents and powers
Geometric series
Prime numbers and their properties

Formulas

Sum of a geometric series: S = a * (r^n - 1) / (r - 1)
Exponent simplifications: a^m / a^n = a^(m-n)

Theorems

Properties of exponents
Basic number theory regarding primes

Suitable Grade Level

Grades 9-12