Math Problem Statement

Integral(sqrt(x^(2)-1))

Solution

To find the integral of x21\sqrt{x^2 - 1}, we can use trigonometric substitution. Specifically, we can use the substitution x=sec(θ)x = \sec(\theta), which implies that dx=sec(θ)tan(θ)dθdx = \sec(\theta) \tan(\theta) \, d\theta. This substitution simplifies the integral as follows:

  1. Substitute x=sec(θ)x = \sec(\theta): x21=sec2(θ)1=tan2(θ)=tan(θ)\sqrt{x^2 - 1} = \sqrt{\sec^2(\theta) - 1} = \sqrt{\tan^2(\theta)} = |\tan(\theta)| Since θ\theta is in the range where sec(θ)1\sec(\theta) \geq 1, tan(θ)0\tan(\theta) \geq 0, and tan(θ)=tan(θ)|\tan(\theta)| = \tan(\theta).

  2. The integral becomes: x21dx=tan(θ)sec(θ)tan(θ)dθ=tan2(θ)sec(θ)dθ\int \sqrt{x^2 - 1} \, dx = \int \tan(\theta) \cdot \sec(\theta) \tan(\theta) \, d\theta = \int \tan^2(\theta) \sec(\theta) \, d\theta

  3. We know that tan2(θ)=sec2(θ)1\tan^2(\theta) = \sec^2(\theta) - 1. So, tan2(θ)sec(θ)dθ=(sec2(θ)1)sec(θ)dθ=sec3(θ)dθsec(θ)dθ\int \tan^2(\theta) \sec(\theta) \, d\theta = \int (\sec^2(\theta) - 1) \sec(\theta) \, d\theta = \int \sec^3(\theta) \, d\theta - \int \sec(\theta) \, d\theta

  4. The integral of sec(θ)\sec(\theta) is well-known: sec(θ)dθ=lnsec(θ)+tan(θ)+C\int \sec(\theta) \, d\theta = \ln|\sec(\theta) + \tan(\theta)| + C

  5. The integral of sec3(θ)\sec^3(\theta) requires a standard technique. One approach is integration by parts, but the result can be directly used: sec3(θ)dθ=12(sec(θ)tan(θ)+lnsec(θ)+tan(θ))+C\int \sec^3(\theta) \, d\theta = \frac{1}{2} (\sec(\theta) \tan(\theta) + \ln|\sec(\theta) + \tan(\theta)|) + C

  6. Combining the results: sec3(θ)dθsec(θ)dθ=12(sec(θ)tan(θ)+lnsec(θ)+tan(θ))lnsec(θ)+tan(θ)+C\int \sec^3(\theta) \, d\theta - \int \sec(\theta) \, d\theta = \frac{1}{2} (\sec(\theta) \tan(\theta) + \ln|\sec(\theta) + \tan(\theta)|) - \ln|\sec(\theta) + \tan(\theta)| + C

  7. Simplifying: 12sec(θ)tan(θ)12lnsec(θ)+tan(θ)+C\frac{1}{2} \sec(\theta) \tan(\theta) - \frac{1}{2} \ln|\sec(\theta) + \tan(\theta)| + C

  8. Returning to the original variable xx where x=sec(θ)x = \sec(\theta): sec(θ)=xandtan(θ)=x21\sec(\theta) = x \quad \text{and} \quad \tan(\theta) = \sqrt{x^2 - 1}

  9. The final answer is: x21dx=12xx2112lnx+x21+C\int \sqrt{x^2 - 1} \, dx = \frac{1}{2} x \sqrt{x^2 - 1} - \frac{1}{2} \ln|x + \sqrt{x^2 - 1}| + C

Would you like more details or have any questions about this solution? Here are some related questions you might find interesting:

  1. How do you perform integration by parts?
  2. What is the process for solving integrals using partial fractions?
  3. How do you solve integrals involving exponential functions?
  4. What is the method for solving trigonometric integrals?
  5. How do you find the integral of sin2(x)\sin^2(x) or cos2(x)\cos^2(x)?

Tip: When dealing with integrals that involve x2a2\sqrt{x^2 - a^2}, a2x2\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}, or x2+a2\sqrt{x^2 + a^2}, trigonometric substitutions are often a powerful technique to simplify the integral.

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Calculus
Integration
Trigonometric Substitution

Formulas

Trigonometric identities

Theorems

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Suitable Grade Level

Undergraduate level