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### Question 2(b)
The question refers to Figure 1, a circuit diagram used for measuring resistance \( R \), using an ammeter and a voltmeter. Here's a breakdown of the requested items:

#### Given:
- Ammeter reading \( I = 10 \, \text{A} \) (on a \( 100 \, \text{A} \) range)
- Voltmeter reading \( V = 125 \, \text{V} \) (on a \( 150 \, \text{V} \) range)
- Ammeter error: \( \pm 0.3\% \)
- Voltmeter error: \( \pm 0.4\% \)
- Ammeter resistance \( R_a = 0.25 \, \Omega \)

#### To Find:
(i) Total systematic error in instrument readings  
(ii) Measured value of resistor \( R \)  
(iii) True value of resistor \( R \)  
(iv) Percentage error in the value of \( R \)  

### Step-by-step solutions:

1. **Systematic error**  
   For the ammeter:
   - Instrument range \( I_{\text{range}} = 100 \, \text{A} \)
   - Error due to construction: \( 0.3\% \)
   - Scale error: 0.1 of a scale
   Total error for the ammeter \( \Delta I = (0.3\% \times I_{\text{range}}) + 0.1 \).

   For the voltmeter:
   - Instrument range \( V_{\text{range}} = 150 \, \text{V} \)
   - Error due to construction: \( 0.4\% \)
   - Scale error: 0.1 of a scale
   Total error for the voltmeter \( \Delta V = (0.4\% \times V_{\text{range}}) + 0.1 \).

2. **Measured value of the resistor \( R \)**  
   From Ohm's law:
   \[
   R_{\text{measured}} = \frac{V_{\text{measured}}}{I_{\text{measured}}} = \frac{125 \, \text{V}}{10 \, \text{A}} = 12.5 \, \Omega
   \]
   But we also need to correct for the ammeter resistance.

3. **True value of resistor \( R \)**  
   The true value \( R_{\text{true}} \) should take into account the internal resistance of the ammeter:
   \[
   R_{\text{true}} = R_{\text{measured}} - R_a = 12.5 \, \Omega - 0.25 \, \Omega = 12.25 \, \Omega
   \]

4. **Percentage error in \( R \)**  
   The percentage error is calculated as:
   \[
   \text{Percentage error} = \frac{R_{\text{measured}} - R_{\text{true}}}{R_{\text{true}}} \times 100
   \]

   Substituting values:
   \[
   \text{Percentage error} = \frac{12.5 - 12.25}{12.25} \times 100 = 2.04\%
   \]

Would you like me to calculate the errors more precisely?

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### Additional Questions:
1. How do you calculate the total uncertainty in measurements with multiple sources of error?
2. What is the significance of ammeter internal resistance in resistance measurements?
3. How can measurement errors be minimized in electrical circuits?
4. How does percentage error change with increasing voltmeter or ammeter range?
5. Why is it important to consider both systematic and random errors in an experiment?

### Tip:
When calculating measurement errors, always check if the instrument’s internal resistances (like that of an ammeter or voltmeter) need to be included in your calculations for more accurate results.

Figure 1 shows a circuit diagram for measurement of resistance. The meter reads 10A, on a 100A range, and the voltmeter reads 125V on a 150V range. The instrument scales are such that 0.1 of a scale can be distinguished. The constructional error of the ammeter is ±0.3% and that of the voltmeter is ±0.4%. The resistance of the ammeter is 0.25 Ω. Determine the total systematic error in instrument readings, measured value of resistor R, true value of resistor R, and percentage error in the value of R.

This problem involves calculating the resistance of a circuit based on ammeter and voltmeter readings, determining systematic errors, and computing percentage error. The solution uses Ohm's Law and error analysis, making it suitable for college-level engineering and physics students.

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