To calculate the average annual growth in income per worker due to the increase in education, we can use the Mincerian earnings function, which estimates the relationship between education and income growth.

The Mincerian earnings function is often simplified to:

$\text{Income Growth} = e^{\beta \cdot \Delta E}$

Where:

• $\beta$ is the return to an additional year of schooling (typically estimated around 10% or 0.1 in many studies).
• $\Delta E$ is the change in the number of years of education.

Step-by-Step Calculation:

1. Years of education in 2000: 12 years
2. Years of education in 1950: 4 years
3. Change in education ($\Delta E$): $12 - 4 = 8$ years

Assuming $\beta = 0.1$ (i.e., a 10% increase in income for each additional year of education), we can now calculate the growth in income.

$\text{Income Growth} = e^{0.1 \cdot 8} = e^{0.8}$

Using the value of $e^{0.8}$:

$\text{Income Growth} \approx 2.2255$

This means that income per worker approximately more than doubled due to the increase in education over the 50-year period.

Now, to calculate the average annual growth rate:

The formula for average annual growth rate is:

$\text{Average Annual Growth Rate} = \left( \frac{\text{Final Income}}{\text{Initial Income}} \right)^{\frac{1}{n}} - 1$

Where $n = 50$ years (from 1950 to 2000), and the ratio of final to initial income is $2.2255$.

$\text{Average Annual Growth Rate} = \left( 2.2255 \right)^{\frac{1}{50}} - 1$

Using a calculator to compute:

$\left( 2.2255 \right)^{\frac{1}{50}} \approx 1.0164$

So,

$\text{Average Annual Growth Rate} = 1.0164 - 1 = 0.0164 \, \text{or} \, 1.64\%$

Conclusion:

The average annual growth in income per worker due to the increase in education is approximately 1.64% per year.

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Do you want more details on any part of this calculation or have any questions?

Here are five related questions to explore further:

1. What factors affect the rate of return ($\beta$) on education in different countries?
2. How does the Mincerian equation apply in real-world income data analysis?
3. What would happen if we assumed a different return to education?
4. How does the average growth rate of income compare with the actual economic growth?
5. Could this approach be applied to other forms of human capital, like experience?

Tip: Education is a key factor in economic growth, but its return can vary depending on the quality of education and complementary skills in the workforce.