Math Problem Statement

Evaluate the given limits involving algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions as shown in the image.

Solution

Thank you for sharing the image! I see a set of limit problems in the photo. Let me analyze and solve them one by one. I'll go through each step in detail for clarity.


1. limx0x33x2+2x34x2+3\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{x^3 - 3x^2 + 2}{x^3 - 4x^2 + 3}

This is a rational function. As x0x \to 0: Substitute x=0:(0)33(0)2+2(0)34(0)2+3=23.\text{Substitute } x = 0: \frac{(0)^3 - 3(0)^2 + 2}{(0)^3 - 4(0)^2 + 3} = \frac{2}{3}. Solution: 23\frac{2}{3}.


2. limx0exexln(1+x)\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x - e^{-x}}{\ln(1 + x)}

Expand using Taylor series:

  • ex1+x+x22+e^x \approx 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2} + \dots,
  • ex1x+x22+e^{-x} \approx 1 - x + \frac{x^2}{2} + \dots,
  • ln(1+x)xx22+\ln(1+x) \approx x - \frac{x^2}{2} + \dots.

Simplify numerator: exex(1+x+x22)(1x+x22)=2x.e^x - e^{-x} \approx (1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2}) - (1 - x + \frac{x^2}{2}) = 2x.

Simplify denominator: ln(1+x)x.\ln(1+x) \approx x.

Thus: exexln(1+x)2xx=2.\frac{e^x - e^{-x}}{\ln(1+x)} \approx \frac{2x}{x} = 2. Solution: 22.


3. limxπ2arctan(x)ex21\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\pi - 2\arctan(x)}{e^{\frac{x}{2}} - 1}

As xx \to \infty:

  • arctan(x)π2\arctan(x) \to \frac{\pi}{2},
  • ex2e^{\frac{x}{2}} \to \infty.

For the numerator: π2arctan(x)π2(π2)=0.\pi - 2\arctan(x) \to \pi - 2\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) = 0.

For the denominator: ex21.e^{\frac{x}{2}} - 1 \to \infty.

Thus: π2arctan(x)ex210=0.\frac{\pi - 2\arctan(x)}{e^{\frac{x}{2}} - 1} \to \frac{0}{\infty} = 0. Solution: 00.


4. limx02(ex+ex)cos(x)x4\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{2 - (e^x + e^{-x})\cos(x)}{x^4}

Expand the terms using Taylor series:

  • ex1+x+x22+e^x \approx 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2} + \dots,
  • ex1x+x22+e^{-x} \approx 1 - x + \frac{x^2}{2} + \dots,
  • cos(x)1x22+\cos(x) \approx 1 - \frac{x^2}{2} + \dots.

Simplify the numerator: ex+ex(1+x+x22)+(1x+x22)=2+x2.e^x + e^{-x} \approx (1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2}) + (1 - x + \frac{x^2}{2}) = 2 + x^2. (ex+ex)cos(x)(2+x2)(1x22)2x2+x2=2.(e^x + e^{-x})\cos(x) \approx (2 + x^2)\left(1 - \frac{x^2}{2}\right) \approx 2 - x^2 + x^2 = 2. 2(ex+ex)cos(x)0.2 - (e^x + e^{-x})\cos(x) \approx 0.

Since the numerator approaches 00 faster than x4x^4, the limit is 00. Solution: 00.


5. limx0e3x3x1sin2(5x)\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^{3x} - 3x - 1}{\sin^2(5x)}

Expand the numerator using Taylor series: e3x1+3x+(3x)22=1+3x+9x22.e^{3x} \approx 1 + 3x + \frac{(3x)^2}{2} = 1 + 3x + \frac{9x^2}{2}. e3x3x1(1+3x+9x22)3x1=9x22.e^{3x} - 3x - 1 \approx (1 + 3x + \frac{9x^2}{2}) - 3x - 1 = \frac{9x^2}{2}.

For the denominator: sin2(5x)(5x)2=25x2.\sin^2(5x) \approx (5x)^2 = 25x^2.

Thus: e3x3x1sin2(5x)9x2225x2=950.\frac{e^{3x} - 3x - 1}{\sin^2(5x)} \approx \frac{\frac{9x^2}{2}}{25x^2} = \frac{9}{50}. Solution: 950\frac{9}{50}.


6. limx0sin(3x)3xex+3x2arctan(x)sin(x)x36\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin(3x) - 3x e^x + 3x^2}{\arctan(x) - \sin(x) - \frac{x^3}{6}}

Numerator:

  • sin(3x)3x(3x)36=3x27x36\sin(3x) \approx 3x - \frac{(3x)^3}{6} = 3x - \frac{27x^3}{6},
  • 3xex3x(1+x+x22)=3x+3x2+3x323x e^x \approx 3x(1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2}) = 3x + 3x^2 + \frac{3x^3}{2},
  • 3x23x^2 remains as is.

sin(3x)3xex+3x2(3x27x36)(3x+3x2+3x32)+3x2.\sin(3x) - 3x e^x + 3x^2 \approx (3x - \frac{27x^3}{6}) - (3x + 3x^2 + \frac{3x^3}{2}) + 3x^2. =3x227x363x32=3x245x36.= -3x^2 - \frac{27x^3}{6} - \frac{3x^3}{2} = -3x^2 - \frac{45x^3}{6}.

Denominator:

  • arctan(x)xx33\arctan(x) \approx x - \frac{x^3}{3},
  • sin(x)xx36\sin(x) \approx x - \frac{x^3}{6},
  • Combine with x36-\frac{x^3}{6}: arctan(x)sin(x)x36(xx33)(xx36)x36.\arctan(x) - \sin(x) - \frac{x^3}{6} \approx (x - \frac{x^3}{3}) - (x - \frac{x^3}{6}) - \frac{x^3}{6}. =x33+x36x36=x33.= -\frac{x^3}{3} + \frac{x^3}{6} - \frac{x^3}{6} = -\frac{x^3}{3}.

Simplify:

3x245x36x333x2x33=9x.\frac{-3x^2 - \frac{45x^3}{6}}{-\frac{x^3}{3}} \approx \frac{-3x^2}{-\frac{x^3}{3}} = \frac{9}{x}. [ = \ldots\text{ Will write the continuation. Fixing! **Solution Is...

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Limits and Continuity
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Trigonometric Functions
Taylor Series Expansion

Formulas

Limit laws
Taylor series expansions for e^x, ln(1+x), sin(x), and cos(x)
L'Hôpital's Rule

Theorems

L'Hôpital's Rule
Taylor Series Expansion
Properties of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Behavior of Trigonometric Functions near zero

Suitable Grade Level

Undergraduate (Calculus I/II)