Math Problem Statement
Lucas' Theorem. This theorem states that (ππ)(knβ) is odd if (π)πβ€(π)π(k)iββ€(n)iβ for all $i = 0,1,...$ and even otherwise. Here, (π)π(n)iβ is the πi-th least significant bit of πn if written in binary. For example, 1111 in binary is 10111011 and 33 is 1111 (or 00110011 to make sure that both have four bits). Now 00110011 is ``bitwise at most'' 10111011, and thus Lucas' Theorem states that (113)(311β) is odd. Which it is, since (113)=165(311β)=165.
To get started, let us introduce some notation. For an integer πβ₯1nβ₯1 we define π(π):=maxβ‘{πβπ0 such that 2π divides π}f(n):=max{kβN0β such that 2k divides n}. For example, π(5)=0f(5)=0, π(14)=1f(14)=1, π(12)=2f(12)=2.
Question 4
Let π=1152921504606846987n=1152921504606846987. If we compute (ππ)modββ2(knβ)mod2 for π=0β¦7k=0β¦7, which sequence do we get?
Write your answer as a simple 0/1 string. For example, if your sequence is (1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0)(1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0), answer 1010101010101010.
Solution
To solve this problem, we will use Lucas' Theorem to determine the sequence of for , where .
First, we need to express in binary:
Convert this number to binary:
We need to compute for . Lucas' Theorem states that is determined by comparing the binary representation of and . Specifically, if and only if for every bit position , the bit of is less than or equal to the bit of .
We will compare the binary representation of with each in the range :
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For Since all bits of are less than or equal to the corresponding bits of , .
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For Since all bits of are less than or equal to the corresponding bits of , .
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For Since all bits of are less than or equal to the corresponding bits of , .
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For Since all bits of are less than or equal to the corresponding bits of , .
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For Since all bits of are less than or equal to the corresponding bits of , .
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For Since all bits of are less than or equal to the corresponding bits of , .
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For Since all bits of are less than or equal to the corresponding bits of , .
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For Since all bits of are less than or equal to the corresponding bits of , .
Hence, the sequence of for is:
The answer as a simple 0/1 string is:
Do you want more details or have any questions?
Here are 5 numbered questions you can ask:
- Can you explain Lucas' Theorem in more detail?
- How do you convert a decimal number to binary?
- Can you demonstrate Lucas' Theorem with another example?
- What is the significance of the modulus operation in combinatorics?
- Can you explain the concept of binomial coefficients and their properties?
Tip: When working with large numbers, converting them to binary can simplify the analysis, especially when using theorems like Lucas' Theorem.
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Math Problem Analysis
Mathematical Concepts
Combinatorics
Number Theory
Binary Representation
Formulas
Lucas' Theorem
Binomial Coefficients: C(n, k)
Theorems
Lucas' Theorem
Suitable Grade Level
Grades 11-12
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