Math Problem Statement

(1 - cos(x)) / (x - sin(x))^2 Indefinite integrals

Solution

To find the indefinite integral of 1cos(x)(xsin(x))2\frac{1 - \cos(x)}{(x - \sin(x))^2}, we can use integration techniques. However, this integral is quite complex, and direct integration is not straightforward. Let's start by attempting to simplify the expression and see if we can find a more manageable form for integration.

Consider the substitution u=xsin(x)u = x - \sin(x). Then, we have:

du=(1cos(x))dxdu = \left(1 - \cos(x)\right)dx

Now, we can rewrite the integral in terms of uu:

1cos(x)(xsin(x))2dx=1cos(x)u2dx\int \frac{1 - \cos(x)}{(x - \sin(x))^2} \, dx = \int \frac{1 - \cos(x)}{u^2} \, dx

Since du=(1cos(x))dxdu = (1 - \cos(x)) dx, we get dx=du1cos(x)dx = \frac{du}{1 - \cos(x)}.

Substituting this into the integral, we get:

1cos(x)u2du1cos(x)=duu2\int \frac{1 - \cos(x)}{u^2} \cdot \frac{du}{1 - \cos(x)} = \int \frac{du}{u^2}

The integral of 1u2\frac{1}{u^2} is straightforward:

1u2du=1u+C\int \frac{1}{u^2} \, du = -\frac{1}{u} + C

Substituting back u=xsin(x)u = x - \sin(x), we get:

1xsin(x)+C-\frac{1}{x - \sin(x)} + C

So, the indefinite integral of 1cos(x)(xsin(x))2\frac{1 - \cos(x)}{(x - \sin(x))^2} is:

1xsin(x)+C\boxed{-\frac{1}{x - \sin(x)} + C}

Would you like further details or have any questions?

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Tip: When dealing with complex integrals, substitution can often simplify the process by transforming the integral into a more manageable form.

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Calculus
Integration
Trigonometric Substitution

Formulas

Substitution method for integration

Theorems

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Suitable Grade Level

Advanced High School