 Determine the bandwidth and baud for an FSK signal with a mark frequency of 99 KHz, a space frequency of 101 KHz, and a bit rate of 10 Kbps

To calculate the **bandwidth** and **baud rate** of an FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) signal, let's break down the process step-by-step.

### 1. **Bandwidth of FSK Signal**

The bandwidth of an FSK signal can be approximated using Carson's Rule. The formula for the bandwidth is:

\[
\text{Bandwidth (B)} = 2 \times (f_{\Delta} + R_b)
\]

where:
- \( f_{\Delta} \) is the frequency deviation (the difference between the mark and space frequencies divided by 2),
- \( R_b \) is the bit rate.

Let's calculate each term:
- **Mark frequency** (\( f_m \)) = 99 kHz
- **Space frequency** (\( f_s \)) = 101 kHz
- **Bit rate** (\( R_b \)) = 10 kbps

The frequency deviation \( f_{\Delta} \) is given by:

\[
f_{\Delta} = \frac{f_s - f_m}{2} = \frac{101 \text{ kHz} - 99 \text{ kHz}}{2} = 1 \text{ kHz}
\]

Now we apply the formula for bandwidth:

\[
\text{Bandwidth (B)} = 2 \times (f_{\Delta} + R_b) = 2 \times (1 \text{ kHz} + 10 \text{ kbps})
\]
\[
\text{Bandwidth (B)} = 2 \times (1 \text{ kHz} + 10 \text{ kHz}) = 2 \times 11 \text{ kHz} = 22 \text{ kHz}
\]

Thus, the **bandwidth** of the FSK signal is **22 kHz**.

---

### 2. **Baud Rate (Symbol Rate) of FSK Signal**

For binary FSK (with only two frequencies, one for '0' and one for '1'), the **baud rate** is equal to the bit rate, as each symbol represents a single bit. Therefore:

\[
\text{Baud rate} = R_b = 10 \text{ kbps}
\]

Thus, the **baud rate** is **10,000 baud** (or 10 kbaud).

---

### Summary:
- **Bandwidth** = **22 kHz**
- **Baud rate** = **10 kbaud**

Would you like further details or have any questions?

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Here are 5 related questions:
1. How does frequency deviation affect the bandwidth of an FSK signal?
2. What would happen to the bandwidth if the bit rate was doubled?
3. How is the baud rate calculated for M-ary FSK systems?
4. What are the practical uses of FSK in modern communication systems?
5. How does the choice of mark and space frequencies influence signal quality?

**Tip:** In FSK modulation, the larger the frequency deviation, the larger the bandwidth, but this can improve the signal’s noise resistance.

Determine the bandwidth and baud for an FSK signal with a mark frequency of 99 KHz, a space frequency of 101 KHz, and a bit rate of 10 Kbps

Learn how to calculate the bandwidth and baud rate of an FSK signal with a mark frequency of 99 KHz, a space frequency of 101 KHz, and a bit rate of 10 Kbps. This problem covers signal processing concepts, including frequency deviation and Carson's Rule, suitable for undergraduate students.

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