Math Problem Statement

Evaluate the following improper integral: ∫₅⁰ (e^(-1/x) / x²) dx. If the integral does not converge, then write 'divergent.'

Solution

The given problem requires the evaluation of the improper integral:

50e1/xx2dx\int_{5}^{0} \frac{e^{-1/x}}{x^2} \, dx

To solve this:

  1. Change the limits: Rewriting the integral with correct orientation, this becomes: 05e1/xx2dx\int_{0}^{5} \frac{e^{-1/x}}{x^2} \, dx

    However, the integral has an improper point at x=0x = 0, so we consider the limit: limϵ0+ϵ5e1/xx2dx\lim_{\epsilon \to 0^+} \int_{\epsilon}^{5} \frac{e^{-1/x}}{x^2} \, dx

  2. Analyze the behavior near x=0x = 0: The term e1/xx2\frac{e^{-1/x}}{x^2} has e1/xe^{-1/x}, which approaches 00 as x0+x \to 0^+. Therefore, the integrand diminishes rapidly near x=0x = 0.

  3. Substitute for integration: Use the substitution u=1xu = -\frac{1}{x}, implying that du=1x2dxdu = \frac{1}{x^2} \, dx and when x=0x = 0, uu \to -\infty, and when x=5x = 5, u=15u = -\frac{1}{5}. The integral becomes: ϵ5e1/xx2dx=15eudu\int_{\epsilon}^{5} \frac{e^{-1/x}}{x^2} \, dx = \int_{-\infty}^{-\frac{1}{5}} e^{u} \, du

  4. Evaluate the integral: The integral of eue^{u} is simply eue^{u}, so: 15eudu=[eu]15=e1/5e\int_{-\infty}^{-\frac{1}{5}} e^{u} \, du = \left[e^{u}\right]_{-\infty}^{-\frac{1}{5}} = e^{-1/5} - e^{-\infty}

    Since e=0e^{-\infty} = 0, this simplifies to: e1/5e^{-1/5}

  5. Final Answer: e1/5\boxed{e^{-1/5}}

Let me know if you'd like a detailed explanation of any step or have any further questions.

Here are five related questions for practice:

  1. What is the significance of improper integrals in calculus?
  2. How does the substitution u=1/xu = -1/x simplify this integral?
  3. What happens if the integrand diverges instead of converging?
  4. Can you evaluate 01e1/xx2dx\int_{0}^{1} \frac{e^{-1/x}}{x^2} \, dx similarly?
  5. How would this change if the limits of integration were [5,0][-5, 0]?

Tip: When dealing with improper integrals, always check the convergence of the integrand near problematic points (like 00, \infty, or undefined points).

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Improper integrals
Limits
Integration by substitution

Formulas

e^u = e^u (exponential integral result)
Substitution: u = -1/x, du = 1/x² dx

Theorems

Convergence of improper integrals

Suitable Grade Level

Undergraduate Calculus