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To determine the Thevenin equivalent between nodes \( A \) and \( B \) for each of the circuits provided, we will need to calculate two key components for each circuit:

1. **Thevenin Voltage \( V_{th} \)**: This is the open-circuit voltage between nodes \( A \) and \( B \).
2. **Thevenin Resistance \( R_{th} \)**: This is the equivalent resistance seen from nodes \( A \) and \( B \) with all independent sources turned off (independent voltage sources replaced by short circuits and independent current sources by open circuits).

Let's analyze each circuit one by one.

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### Circuit 1 Analysis (Left Circuit)

#### Step 1: Find \( V_{th} \)
1. In this circuit, there is a dependent voltage source controlled by \( V_x \), where \( V_x \) is the voltage across the 1 kΩ resistor at the top left.
2. Set up nodal analysis or mesh analysis to solve for \( V_{AB} \) (the voltage between nodes \( A \) and \( B \)).

#### Step 2: Find \( R_{th} \)
1. To find \( R_{th} \), deactivate all independent sources:
   - No independent sources are present in this circuit, so we only need to calculate the resistance by analyzing the network with the dependent source in place.
2. Use a test source (e.g., 1 V or 1 A) at \( A \) and \( B \) to determine the equivalent resistance by calculating the resulting current or voltage.

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### Circuit 2 Analysis (Right Circuit)

#### Step 1: Find \( V_{th} \)
1. This circuit has both a dependent source (controlled by \( V_x \), which is the voltage across the 4 kΩ resistor) and independent sources (a 3 V voltage source and a 2 mA current source).
2. Use mesh or nodal analysis to find \( V_{AB} \), which will be the Thevenin voltage \( V_{th} \).

#### Step 2: Find \( R_{th} \)
1. Deactivate all independent sources:
   - Replace the 3 V voltage source with a short circuit.
   - Replace the 2 mA current source with an open circuit.
2. Analyze the resulting circuit to determine \( R_{th} \), using the same approach as in Circuit 1 by applying a test source or simplifying the resistive network.

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Would you like a detailed step-by-step solution for each circuit? Please let me know, and I can walk you through each calculation.

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Here are five follow-up questions related to this problem:

1. How does the presence of dependent sources affect the Thevenin equivalent analysis?
2. What techniques can simplify the analysis of circuits with both dependent and independent sources?
3. How would you find the Norton equivalent for these circuits?
4. What role does the test source method play in finding the Thevenin resistance?
5. Can superposition be used to analyze these circuits? Why or why not?

**Tip:** For circuits with dependent sources, always remember to keep the dependent sources active when calculating the Thevenin resistance, as they are controlled by circuit variables and cannot be turned off.

Determine the Thevenin equivalent between nodes A and B for the two circuits shown below.

This solution explores how to determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit between nodes A and B for two electrical circuits. Learn to calculate the Thevenin voltage (V_th) and Thevenin resistance (R_th) using techniques like nodal and mesh analysis. Ideal for undergraduate engineering students.

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