Math Problem Statement

Construct a truth table for the following symbolic statement. left parenthesis p right arrow q right parenthesis left right arrow left parenthesis q right arrow tilde p right parenthesis(p → q) ↔ (q → ~p) Question content area bottom Part 1 Use the type of truth table where each variable or operator in the given expression has its own column. Fill in the rows of the truth table one at a time. p q ​(pp right arrow→ qq​) left right arrow↔ ​(qq right arrow→ tilde p~p​) T T ▼ T F ▼ F T ▼ T F ▼ F T ▼ T F ▼ F T ▼ T F

Solution

Let's construct the truth table for the symbolic statement:

(pq)(q¬p)(p \to q) \leftrightarrow (q \to \neg p)

We'll follow the steps systematically, creating a column for each variable and operator. The columns will be as follows:

  1. pp (the first variable)
  2. qq (the second variable)
  3. pqp \to q (implication of pp and qq)
  4. ¬p\neg p (negation of pp)
  5. q¬pq \to \neg p (implication of qq and ¬p\neg p)
  6. (pq)(q¬p)(p \to q) \leftrightarrow (q \to \neg p) (biconditional between the two implications)

Now, we'll fill in the truth table with the possible truth values for pp and qq, and then calculate each column.

Truth Table

ppqqpqp \to q¬p\neg pq¬pq \to \neg p(pq)(q¬p)(p \to q) \leftrightarrow (q \to \neg p)
TTTFFT
TFFFTF
FTTTTT
FFTTTT

Explanation:

  1. pqp \to q (Implication):

    • If pp is true and qq is true, then pqp \to q is true.
    • If pp is true and qq is false, then pqp \to q is false.
    • If pp is false, pqp \to q is always true (because a false premise implies anything).
  2. ¬p\neg p (Negation of pp):

    • This is simply the opposite of pp. If pp is true, ¬p\neg p is false, and vice versa.
  3. q¬pq \to \neg p (Implication qq implies ¬p\neg p):

    • Similar to the implication for pqp \to q, but with qq and ¬p\neg p.
  4. (pq)(q¬p)(p \to q) \leftrightarrow (q \to \neg p) (Biconditional):

    • The biconditional is true when both sides have the same truth value (both true or both false), and false otherwise.

The final column shows the truth values for the entire expression.


Would you like more details on any specific part of the table? Here are some follow-up questions to deepen your understanding:

  1. How is the truth value of an implication (pqp \to q) determined?
  2. Why does a false pp always make the implication pqp \to q true?
  3. Can you identify cases where the biconditional \leftrightarrow is false?
  4. What happens if both pp and qq are false in the expression?
  5. How would the truth table change if we used pqp \leftrightarrow q instead of the given expression?

Tip: When working with truth tables, remember that an implication is only false when the first part is true, and the second part is false.

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Logic
Propositional Logic
Truth Tables

Formulas

Implication: p → q
Negation: ~p
Biconditional: (p → q) ↔ (q → ~p)

Theorems

Truth table for implication
Truth table for biconditional

Suitable Grade Level

College Level (Discrete Mathematics)