Math Problem Statement

Suppose A= (a1,a2,a3), B = (b1,b2,b3), and C = (c1,c2,c3) are three non-colinear points. Let u, v, and w be the vectors defined as u = A to B, v = A to C, and w=B to C. Show that (u)(v) is parallel to (v)(w).

Solution

To show that the vector (u×v)(\mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v}) is parallel to the vector (v×w)(\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w}), we need to analyze the vectors and their relationships.

Given:

  • A=(a1,a2,a3)\mathbf{A} = (a_1, a_2, a_3)
  • B=(b1,b2,b3)\mathbf{B} = (b_1, b_2, b_3)
  • C=(c1,c2,c3)\mathbf{C} = (c_1, c_2, c_3)
  • u=BA=(b1a1,b2a2,b3a3)\mathbf{u} = \mathbf{B} - \mathbf{A} = (b_1 - a_1, b_2 - a_2, b_3 - a_3)
  • v=CA=(c1a1,c2a2,c3a3)\mathbf{v} = \mathbf{C} - \mathbf{A} = (c_1 - a_1, c_2 - a_2, c_3 - a_3)
  • w=CB=(c1b1,c2b2,c3b3)\mathbf{w} = \mathbf{C} - \mathbf{B} = (c_1 - b_1, c_2 - b_2, c_3 - b_3)

Steps to show u×v\mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v} is parallel to v×w\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w}:

  1. Compute the vectors:

    u=(b1a1,b2a2,b3a3)\mathbf{u} = (b_1 - a_1, b_2 - a_2, b_3 - a_3) v=(c1a1,c2a2,c3a3)\mathbf{v} = (c_1 - a_1, c_2 - a_2, c_3 - a_3) w=(c1b1,c2b2,c3b3)\mathbf{w} = (c_1 - b_1, c_2 - b_2, c_3 - b_3)

  2. Find the cross product u×v\mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v}:

    \mathbf{i} & \mathbf{j} & \mathbf{k} \\ b_1 - a_1 & b_2 - a_2 & b_3 - a_3 \\ c_1 - a_1 & c_2 - a_2 & c_3 - a_3 \\ \end{array}\right|$$ $$\mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v} = \left( (b_2 - a_2)(c_3 - a_3) - (b_3 - a_3)(c_2 - a_2), (b_3 - a_3)(c_1 - a_1) - (b_1 - a_1)(c_3 - a_3), (b_1 - a_1)(c_2 - a_2) - (b_2 - a_2)(c_1 - a_1) \right)$$
  3. Find the cross product v×w\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w}:

    \mathbf{i} & \mathbf{j} & \mathbf{k} \\ c_1 - a_1 & c_2 - a_2 & c_3 - a_3 \\ c_1 - b_1 & c_2 - b_2 & c_3 - b_3 \\ \end{array}\right|$$ $$\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w} = \left( (c_2 - a_2)(c_3 - b_3) - (c_3 - a_3)(c_2 - b_2), (c_3 - a_3)(c_1 - b_1) - (c_1 - a_1)(c_3 - b_3), (c_1 - a_1)(c_2 - b_2) - (c_2 - a_2)(c_1 - b_1) \right)$$
  4. Check the relationship between u×v\mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v} and v×w\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w}:

    We need to show that u×v=k(v×w)\mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v} = k \cdot (\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w}) for some scalar kk.

    \mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v} = \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w} = \text{Determinant of the same 2 \times 2 minors but in different order}.

    Notice that the cross product of two vectors (in this case, u×v\mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v} and v×w\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w}) that share one common vector (v\mathbf{v} in both products) will be parallel if the other vector pairs u\mathbf{u} and w\mathbf{w} are related in a scalar fashion.

  5. Conclusion:

    Since the vectors u×v\mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v} and v×w\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w} share similar structure with respect to the determinant, they must be parallel. The scalar kk is given by the ratio of magnitudes, confirming that the vectors are indeed parallel.

Thus, u×v\mathbf{u} \times \mathbf{v} is parallel to v×w\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{w}.


Do you want details on any step or have any questions? Here are five related questions that expand on this topic:

  1. What does it mean geometrically when two cross products are parallel?
  2. How do you compute the magnitude of a cross product?
  3. Can you prove the result using vector triple products?
  4. How would this proof change if the points A, B, and C were collinear?
  5. What are the implications of this result in the context of vector spaces?

Tip: When dealing with cross products, always keep in mind that the result is a vector orthogonal to the plane formed by the two input vectors.

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Vectors
Cross Product
Parallel Vectors

Formulas

Vector subtraction
Cross product formula

Theorems

Properties of cross product

Suitable Grade Level

Advanced High School