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Let's work through the questions shown in the image.

### 4. Profit (loss) Calculation
Entity A earned a total income of ₱40M and incurred total expenses of ₱9M. The profit (or loss) is calculated as:

\[
\text{Profit/Loss} = \text{Total Income} - \text{Total Expenses} = ₱40M - ₱9M = ₱31M
\]

Answer: **₱31M** (Option **b**).

### 5. Profit (loss) Calculation
Entity A earned a total income of ₱40M and incurred total expenses of ₱59M.

\[
\text{Profit/Loss} = ₱40M - ₱59M = -₱19M
\]

This is a loss of ₱19M.

Answer: **₱19M** (Option **c**).

### 6. Total Expenses Calculation
Entity A earned total income of ₱60M and reported a profit of ₱16M. To find the total expenses, we subtract the profit from the income:

\[
\text{Total Expenses} = \text{Total Income} - \text{Profit} = ₱60M - ₱16M = ₱44M
\]

Answer: **₱44M** (Option **a**).

### 7. Total Expenses Calculation
Entity A earned total income of ₱50M and reported a loss of ₱8M. Loss implies that the expenses exceed the income, so:

\[
\text{Total Expenses} = \text{Total Income} + \text{Loss} = ₱50M + ₱8M = ₱58M
\]

Answer: **₱58M** (Option **b**).

### 8. Total Income Calculation
Entity A incurred total expenses of ₱60M and reported a profit of ₱16M. To find the total income:

\[
\text{Total Income} = \text{Total Expenses} + \text{Profit} = ₱60M + ₱16M = ₱76M
\]

Answer: **₱76M** (Option **c**).

### 9. Total Income Calculation
Entity A incurred total expenses of ₱40M and reported a loss of ₱12M. To find the total income:

\[
\text{Total Income} = \text{Total Expenses} - \text{Loss} = ₱40M - ₱12M = ₱28M
\]

Answer: **₱28M** (Option **b**).

### 10. Ending Equity Calculation
Entity A's beginning equity was ₱60M. During the year, Entity A earned total income of ₱16M and incurred total expenses of ₱8M. The ending equity is:

\[
\text{Net Income} = ₱16M - ₱8M = ₱8M
\]

\[
\text{Ending Equity} = \text{Beginning Equity} + \text{Net Income} = ₱60M + ₱8M = ₱68M
\]

Answer: **₱68M** (Option **a**).

---

Would you like further details or clarifications on any of these? Here are five related questions for practice:

1. How would the calculation change if expenses were greater than income?
2. What does a loss indicate about a company's financial situation?
3. How do we calculate equity at the end of the year when there's a loss?
4. What is the relationship between profit and expenses?
5. How does profit affect the equity of a company?

**Tip**: Always double-check the relationship between income, expenses, and profit/loss when solving financial problems!

Entity A earned total income of ₱40M and incurred total expenses of ₱9M. Entity A’s profit (loss) is...

Learn how to calculate profit and loss for Entity A. The example involves basic arithmetic, where total income is ₱40M and total expenses are ₱9M. This problem covers the formula for profit/loss calculation, making it ideal for high school students.

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