Math Problem Statement

Given two lines in parametric form, where alpha, beta are real numbers, solve for their intersection and determine if they intersect in 3D space.

Solution

Let's break down the three parts of the problem based on the image you've uploaded:

Part i)

We are asked to turn the two parametric lines back into linear equations of the form ax1+bx2=cax_1 + bx_2 = c and solve the system. The given lines are:

(x1x2)=(20)+α(11)\begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} + \alpha \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} (x1x2)=(13)+β(21)\begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix} + \beta \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}

We need to convert these parametric lines into linear equations by eliminating the parameters α\alpha and β\beta.

For the first line: x1=2+αandx2=0+α=αx_1 = 2 + \alpha \quad \text{and} \quad x_2 = 0 + \alpha = \alpha Thus, from the first line, x2=x12x_2 = x_1 - 2.

For the second line: x1=1+2βandx2=3+βx_1 = 1 + 2\beta \quad \text{and} \quad x_2 = 3 + \beta Thus, from the second line, x2=x112+3x_2 = \frac{x_1 - 1}{2} + 3.

Now we have the system:

  1. x2=x12x_2 = x_1 - 2
  2. x2=x112+3x_2 = \frac{x_1 - 1}{2} + 3

Part ii)

To solve for the interception directly, we equate the two expressions for x2x_2 from the system above:

x12=x112+3x_1 - 2 = \frac{x_1 - 1}{2} + 3

First, multiply both sides of the equation by 2 to eliminate the fraction: 2(x12)=(x11)+62(x_1 - 2) = (x_1 - 1) + 6 2x14=x1+52x_1 - 4 = x_1 + 5 Now subtract x1x_1 from both sides: x14=5x_1 - 4 = 5 Solving for x1x_1: x1=9x_1 = 9

Substitute x1=9x_1 = 9 into the first equation x2=x12x_2 = x_1 - 2: x2=92=7x_2 = 9 - 2 = 7

Thus, the two lines intersect at the point (9,7)(9, 7).

Part iii)

In the third part, we are given two new parametric lines in 3D space and asked whether they still intersect:

(x1x2x3)=(201)+α(111)\begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} + \alpha \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} (x1x2x3)=(131)+β(211)\begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 3 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} + \beta \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}

The system becomes:

x_1 &= 2 + \alpha \quad \text{and} \quad x_1 = 1 + 2\beta \\ x_2 &= 0 + \alpha \quad \text{and} \quad x_2 = 3 + \beta \\ x_3 &= 1 + \alpha \quad \text{and} \quad x_3 = 1 + \beta \end{aligned}$$ We now solve for $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ by equating each of the components $$x_1, x_2, x_3$$: From $$x_3 = 1 + \alpha = 1 + \beta$$, we get $$\alpha = \beta$$. Substitute $$\alpha = \beta$$ into the equations for $$x_1$$ and $$x_2$$: For $$x_1$$: $$2 + \alpha = 1 + 2\alpha$$ $$2 = 1 + \alpha \quad \Rightarrow \quad \alpha = 1$$ For $$x_2$$: $$0 + \alpha = 3 + \alpha$$ This leads to a contradiction, $$0 = 3$$, meaning the two lines **do not intersect** in 3D space. --- Would you like further clarifications or more details on any part of this solution? Here are 5 questions to explore this topic further: 1. How would you verify if two lines are parallel or skew in 3D space? 2. Can you explain geometrically why two lines in 2D with different slopes must intersect? 3. How would you generalize the process of finding intersections in higher dimensions? 4. How can the cross product help determine if two lines in 3D space are parallel? 5. What role does the direction vector play in determining whether lines in parametric form intersect? **Tip:** In 3D, two lines might not intersect even if they are not parallel—they could be *skew* lines. Always check for consistency in all components when solving for intersections.

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Linear Algebra
Parametric Equations
Systems of Linear Equations
Geometry in 2D and 3D

Formulas

Linear equation form: ax_1 + bx_2 = c
Parametric line equations in 2D and 3D
System of linear equations for intersection: Solve for alpha, beta

Theorems

Two lines with different slopes in 2D must intersect
Parallel lines in 3D do not intersect unless they are coincident
Non-parallel lines in 3D may be skew, meaning they don't intersect

Suitable Grade Level

Undergraduate (First Year - Linear Algebra or Analytic Geometry)