Math Problem Statement

What is the value of $\lim\limits_{x\to 3}\frac{x^4 -9x^2 + 4x - 12}{(x-3)(4-x)}?$

Solution

To evaluate the limit limx3x49x2+4x12(x3)(4x)\lim\limits_{x\to 3}\frac{x^4 -9x^2 + 4x - 12}{(x-3)(4-x)}, we start by simplifying the expression. Note that 4x=(x4)4 - x = -(x - 4), so the expression simplifies as follows:

x49x2+4x12(x3)(4x)=x49x2+4x12(x3)(x4)\frac{x^4 - 9x^2 + 4x - 12}{(x-3)(4-x)} = -\frac{x^4 - 9x^2 + 4x - 12}{(x-3)(x-4)}

Next, we will attempt to factor the numerator x49x2+4x12x^4 - 9x^2 + 4x - 12. Since we aim to cancel the (x3)(x-3) factor in the denominator, we first test whether x=3x = 3 is a root of the polynomial. We substitute x=3x = 3 into the polynomial:

34932+4312=8181+1212=03^4 - 9 \cdot 3^2 + 4 \cdot 3 - 12 = 81 - 81 + 12 - 12 = 0

Since x=3x = 3 is a root, (x3)(x-3) is a factor of x49x2+4x12x^4 - 9x^2 + 4x - 12.

Similarly, we test whether x=4x = 4 is a root:

44942+4412=256144+1612=11604^4 - 9 \cdot 4^2 + 4 \cdot 4 - 12 = 256 - 144 + 16 - 12 = 116 \neq 0

Thus, x=4x = 4 is not a root, meaning there is no (x4)(x-4) factor present in the numerator. Thus, we only need to divide x49x2+4x12x^4 - 9x^2 + 4x - 12 by (x3)(x-3).

Now, perform polynomial division of x49x2+4x12x^4 - 9x^2 + 4x - 12 by x3x-3:

  1. Divide the leading term x4x^4 by the leading term of x3x-3, which gives x3x^3.

  2. Multiply x3x^3 by x3x-3 to get x43x3x^4 - 3x^3.

  3. Subtract x43x3x^4 - 3x^3 from x4+0x39x2+4x12x^4 + 0x^3 - 9x^2 + 4x - 12: x4+0x39x2+4x12(x43x3)=3x39x2+4x12x^4 + 0x^3 - 9x^2 + 4x - 12 - (x^4 - 3x^3) = 3x^3 - 9x^2 + 4x - 12

  4. Divide the leading term 3x33x^3 by the leading term of x3x-3, resulting in 3x23x^2.

  5. Multiply 3x23x^2 by x3x-3 to get 3x39x23x^3 - 9x^2.

  6. Subtract 3x39x23x^3 - 9x^2 from 3x39x2+4x123x^3 - 9x^2 + 4x - 12: 3x39x2+4x12(3x39x2)=4x123x^3 - 9x^2 + 4x - 12 - (3x^3 - 9x^2) = 4x - 12

  7. Divide 4x4x by xx to get 4.

  8. Multiply 44 by x3x-3 to get 4x124x - 12.

  9. Subtract 4x124x - 12 from 4x124x - 12 leaves a remainder of 0.

Thus, we have determined that:

x49x2+4x12=(x3)(x3+3x2+4)x^4 - 9x^2 + 4x - 12 = (x-3)(x^3 + 3x^2 + 4)

Now substitute in the expression for the limit:

(x3)(x3+3x2+4)(x3)(x4)=x3+3x2+4x4-\frac{(x-3)(x^3 + 3x^2 + 4)}{(x-3)(x-4)} = -\frac{x^3 + 3x^2 + 4}{x-4}

As x3x \to 3, the expression simplifies to substituting x=3x = 3:

27+27+434=581=58-\frac{27 + 27 + 4}{3 - 4} = -\frac{58}{-1} = 58

Thus, the value of the limit is 58\boxed{58}.

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Limits
Polynomial Division
Factorization
Rational Functions

Formulas

Limit properties
Polynomial division

Theorems

Factor Theorem
Limit of a rational function

Suitable Grade Level

Grades 11-12