Math Problem Statement

lim x -> 0 (3 ^ x - 3 ^ (- x))/(3 ^ x + 3 ^ (- x))

Solution

To evaluate the limit

limx03x3x3x+3x,\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{3^x - 3^{-x}}{3^x + 3^{-x}},

we'll simplify and compute it step by step.

Step 1: Express in terms of exponentials

Recall that 3x=exln33^x = e^{x \ln 3} and 3x=exln33^{-x} = e^{-x \ln 3}. So, the expression becomes:

exln3exln3exln3+exln3.\frac{e^{x \ln 3} - e^{-x \ln 3}}{e^{x \ln 3} + e^{-x \ln 3}}.

This expression looks similar to the hyperbolic tangent function, so we can try to rewrite it using hyperbolic functions.

Step 2: Recognize the hyperbolic tangent form

We recall the identities for hyperbolic sine and cosine:

sinh(a)=eaea2,cosh(a)=ea+ea2.\sinh(a) = \frac{e^a - e^{-a}}{2}, \quad \cosh(a) = \frac{e^a + e^{-a}}{2}.

Thus, the expression simplifies to:

2sinh(xln3)2cosh(xln3)=tanh(xln3).\frac{2 \sinh(x \ln 3)}{2 \cosh(x \ln 3)} = \tanh(x \ln 3).

Step 3: Take the limit as x0x \to 0

We know that tanh(y)0\tanh(y) \to 0 as y0y \to 0. Here, y=xln3y = x \ln 3, so as x0x \to 0, xln30x \ln 3 \to 0.

Thus,

limx0tanh(xln3)=0.\lim_{x \to 0} \tanh(x \ln 3) = 0.

Final Answer:

limx03x3x3x+3x=0.\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{3^x - 3^{-x}}{3^x + 3^{-x}} = 0.

Would you like more details on any of the steps? Here are some related questions to explore:

  1. What is the difference between hyperbolic functions and trigonometric functions?
  2. How do you use L'Hôpital's Rule to solve limits involving exponentials?
  3. Can limits involving hyperbolic functions be simplified in different ways?
  4. What are the properties of the hyperbolic tangent function?
  5. How does the limit of an exponential function behave as x0x \to 0?

Tip: When dealing with exponentials and limits, rewriting in terms of hyperbolic or trigonometric functions often simplifies the process!

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Exponential Functions
Limits
Hyperbolic Functions

Formulas

3^x = e^{x \ln 3}
sinh(a) = (e^a - e^{-a}) / 2
cosh(a) = (e^a + e^{-a}) / 2
tanh(a) = sinh(a) / cosh(a)

Theorems

Limit of Hyperbolic Tangent Function as x -> 0
Exponential Function Properties

Suitable Grade Level

Undergraduate Calculus