Math Problem Statement

Tentukan dua digit terakhir dari 2003^2002^2001

Solution

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Modular Arithmetic
Exponentiation
Euler's Theorem
Totient Function

Formulas

a^b mod n
Euler’s Totient Function: φ(n) = n(1 - 1/p1)(1 - 1/p2)...
a^φ(n) ≡ 1 (mod n) when gcd(a, n) = 1

Theorems

Euler's Theorem
Cycle of Powers in Modular Arithmetic

Suitable Grade Level

Undergraduate Level (Advanced High School for Olympiad Training)