Math Problem Statement
Tentukan dua digit terakhir dari 2003^2002^2001
Solution
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Math Problem Analysis
Mathematical Concepts
Modular Arithmetic
Exponentiation
Euler's Theorem
Totient Function
Formulas
a^b mod n
Euler’s Totient Function: φ(n) = n(1 - 1/p1)(1 - 1/p2)...
a^φ(n) ≡ 1 (mod n) when gcd(a, n) = 1
Theorems
Euler's Theorem
Cycle of Powers in Modular Arithmetic
Suitable Grade Level
Undergraduate Level (Advanced High School for Olympiad Training)
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