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### 1. Solve the differential equation:
\[
(z' - 2yz - y')p + (xy + zx)q = xy - zx
\]

This is a first-order partial differential equation where \( p = \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \) and \( q = \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \).

#### Step 1: Simplify the Equation
Substituting \( p = \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \) and \( q = \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \), the equation becomes:
\[
(z' - 2yz - y') \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} + (xy + zx) \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} = xy - zx
\]

The equation is linear in terms of the first-order partial derivatives \( \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \) and \( \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \).

#### Step 2: Solve using the method of characteristics
To solve this, we set up the characteristic equations:
\[
\frac{dx}{z' - 2yz - y'} = \frac{dy}{xy + zx} = \frac{dz}{xy - zx}
\]

Each ratio can be separately integrated to find the solution. However, this process is quite complex and might require specific initial or boundary conditions to simplify further.

### 2. Solve the differential equation:
\[
pz - qz = z' + (x + y)^2
\]

#### Step 1: Express in terms of partial derivatives:
Here, \( p = \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \) and \( q = \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \). Substitute to get:
\[
\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} z - \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} z = z' + (x + y)^2
\]

This equation suggests that the solution involves differentiating \( z \) with respect to \( x \) and \( y \) and possibly integrating to find \( z \) itself.

### 3. Solve the second-order differential equation:
\[
(D^2 - 6DD' + 9D'')z = 12x^2 + 36xy
\]

Where \( D \) and \( D' \) are differential operators with respect to \( x \) and \( y \), respectively.

#### Step 1: Rewrite in operator form:
\[
(D - 3D')^2 z = 12x^2 + 36xy
\]

This represents a second-order partial differential equation. To solve, apply the method of undetermined coefficients or variation of parameters, depending on the context.

### 4. Solve the differential equation:
\[
(D^2 - DD' - 2D'')z = 2x + xy - y
\]

#### Step 1: Simplify using operator notation:
This can be approached similarly to the previous problem, considering the appropriate method to integrate the differential operators.

### 5. Numerical Methods - Newton’s Interpolation Formula:
- **Given:** Find the melting point of the alloy containing 84% lead using Newton’s interpolation formula.
- **Data:** You would use the given data points to set up the Newton's divided difference table and apply the interpolation formula to estimate the melting point.

### 6. Simpson's Rule:
- Apply Simpson’s \( \frac{1}{3} \) rule and Simpson’s \( \frac{3}{8} \) rule as requested in the problem for evaluating integrals or estimating missing values in tables.

Each of these steps involves careful application of calculus, linear algebra, and numerical methods. 

Would you like to go through the detailed solutions for each step, or is there a specific part you'd like to focus on first?

### 5 Relative Questions:
1. How can the method of characteristics be applied to solve a PDE?
2. What is the role of boundary conditions in solving partial differential equations?
3. How do you construct Newton’s divided difference table for interpolation?
4. What are the differences between Simpson's \( \frac{1}{3} \) rule and Simpson's \( \frac{3}{8} \) rule in numerical integration?
5. How do higher-order differential operators affect the solution of differential equations?

### Tip:
When solving partial differential equations, always consider simplifying the problem using symmetry or transformations if the equation permits. This can often lead to a more straightforward solution.

Explore detailed solutions for solving differential equations including partial differential equations (PDEs), using methods like characteristics and numerical methods such as Newton's interpolation formula and Simpson's rule. Suitable for advanced college-level mathematics.

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