Pack the circles with diameter equal to 24 inches using square and hexagon.

To pack circles with a diameter of 24 inches within square and hexagonal grids, the arrangement of the circles and their efficiency will differ based on the shape of the grid.

### 1. **Square Packing:**

In square packing, circles are arranged in rows and columns such that each circle is directly above and beside another circle. The side length of each square in the grid equals the diameter of the circle (24 inches).

#### Key Points:
- **Grid arrangement:** Circles are packed in a grid with each circle touching four others (to the left, right, top, and bottom).
- **Efficiency:** This is not the most efficient packing because there is empty space between circles at the corners of the squares.
  
The packing density \( \eta \) for square packing is given by the formula:

\[
\eta_{\text{square}} = \frac{\pi}{4} \approx 0.7854
\]

This means approximately 78.54% of the area is filled by the circles, and the rest (21.46%) is empty.

### 2. **Hexagonal Packing:**

In hexagonal packing, circles are arranged in a staggered pattern, similar to a honeycomb structure. Each circle is surrounded by six other circles.

#### Key Points:
- **Grid arrangement:** Each circle is surrounded by six others, leading to a more compact arrangement than in the square packing.
- **Efficiency:** Hexagonal packing is more efficient than square packing because there is less empty space between the circles.

The packing density \( \eta \) for hexagonal packing is higher, given by:

\[
\eta_{\text{hexagon}} = \frac{\pi}{2\sqrt{3}} \approx 0.9069
\]

This means approximately 90.69% of the area is filled by the circles, with only 9.31% of the area empty.

### Comparison:

- **Square Packing Efficiency:** 78.54%
- **Hexagonal Packing Efficiency:** 90.69%

Thus, **hexagonal packing** is the more efficient method of arranging circles, allowing you to pack more circles within a given area.

### Example for Both Packings:

- For square packing, imagine a square grid where the distance between the centers of adjacent circles (horizontally and vertically) is equal to 24 inches.
- For hexagonal packing, the distance between centers of adjacent circles is also 24 inches, but every second row is shifted by half the diameter, making it more compact.

Would you like to see a detailed diagram or more examples? 

### Next Steps:

1. Calculate how many circles can fit within a square area of specific dimensions.
2. Explore the space saved using hexagonal packing over square packing for a given area.
3. Compare the number of circles in square vs. hexagonal packing for a fixed number of rows.
4. Investigate the optimal arrangement when circles are of different sizes.
5. Consider the impact of circle arrangement on structural design, such as in tiling or manufacturing.

#### Tip:
Hexagonal packing is often used in nature and engineering for its space efficiency, such as in honeycomb structures.

Explore how to pack circles with a diameter of 24 inches using square and hexagonal grids. Learn about the efficiency of different grid arrangements and the formulas used to calculate area efficiency. Suitable for students in Grades 9-12.

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