To calculate the sigmoid function, which is commonly used in machine learning, especially in logistic regression and neural networks, follow these steps:

### Sigmoid Function Formula
The sigmoid function \( \sigma(x) \) is defined as:
\[
\sigma(x) = \frac{1}{1 + e^{-x}}
\]

Where:
- \( x \) is the input value (a real number).
- \( e \) is the base of the natural logarithm (approximately 2.71828).

### Steps to Calculate the Sigmoid Function:

1. **Input the Value of \( x \):**
   - Determine the value of \( x \) for which you want to calculate the sigmoid function.

2. **Calculate the Negative of \( x \):**
   - Compute \( -x \).

3. **Exponentiate the Result:**
   - Calculate \( e^{-x} \) using the exponential function.

4. **Add 1 to the Exponentiated Value:**
   - Compute \( 1 + e^{-x} \).

5. **Take the Reciprocal:**
   - Finally, take the reciprocal of the result from the previous step to obtain \( \frac{1}{1 + e^{-x}} \).

### Example Calculation:

Let's calculate the sigmoid of \( x = 2 \):

1. **Input the Value of \( x \):** \( x = 2 \)
2. **Calculate the Negative of \( x \):** \( -2 \)
3. **Exponentiate the Result:** \( e^{-2} \approx 0.1353 \)
4. **Add 1 to the Exponentiated Value:** \( 1 + 0.1353 = 1.1353 \)
5. **Take the Reciprocal:** \( \frac{1}{1.1353} \approx 0.8808 \)

So, \( \sigma(2) \approx 0.8808 \).

Would you like more details on any of these steps or any other questions?

### 5 Related Questions:
1. What are the properties of the sigmoid function?
2. How does the sigmoid function compare to the hyperbolic tangent (tanh) function?
3. How is the sigmoid function used in logistic regression?
4. What is the derivative of the sigmoid function, and why is it important?
5. How does the sigmoid function handle large positive and large negative inputs?

### Tip:
When working with neural networks, be mindful of the sigmoid function's tendency to cause vanishing gradients, especially in deep networks.

Learn how to calculate the sigmoid function step-by-step with examples. Understand the sigmoid function formula, its application in machine learning, and its significance in logistic regression and neural networks.

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