The function $f(x) + 3$ represents a vertical translation of the graph of $f(x)$.

Transformation:

• The graph of $f(x)$ is shifted upward by 3 units.

This means that for every point $(x, y)$ on the graph of $f(x)$, the new point on the graph of $f(x) + 3$ will be $(x, y + 3)$.

Would you like more details on vertical translations or transformations in general?

Here are 5 related questions you might find useful:

1. What is a horizontal translation of a function?
2. How do vertical and horizontal shifts differ in transformations?
3. How does adding or subtracting a constant inside the function affect the graph?
4. What is a reflection transformation in functions?
5. Can a function be stretched or compressed, and how would that affect the graph?

Tip: To determine the direction of a transformation (up, down, left, or right), think about whether you're adding or subtracting inside or outside the function.