A randomized controlled trial was conducted to explore if two attempts achieved better results for a series of quizzes compared to a single attempt. A large cohort of students was randomized into two groups; students in group A (exposed) were told to submit two attempts for every quiz while students in group B (not exposed) were only allowed to submit one attempt (it is only a hypothetical example, just saying it......). An overall grade of greater than 70% was considered the desirable 'outcome'. There were 1083 students in group A and out of these 894 achieved greater than 70%, while there were a total of 1249 students in group B and 164 scored higher than 70%. Calculate a 'suitable' measure of association/effect to find out if students using both attempts were more likely to achieve >70% compared to those with single attempt (results are probably going to speak for themselves :). Only final answer is needed with two decimals after correct rounding.

To calculate a suitable measure of association for comparing the two groups (A and B), we can use the **relative risk (RR)**. It compares the probability of achieving a score >70% in group A (exposed to two attempts) with group B (exposed to one attempt).

The formula for relative risk is:

\[
RR = \frac{\text{Risk in exposed group (A)}}{\text{Risk in non-exposed group (B)}}
\]

Where:
- Risk in group A = \(\frac{894}{1083}\)
- Risk in group B = \(\frac{164}{1249}\)

Let's calculate:

\[
RR = \frac{\frac{894}{1083}}{\frac{164}{1249}}
\]

\[
RR = \frac{0.825}{0.1313} = 6.28
\]

The relative risk is approximately **6.28**.

This means that students allowed two attempts were 6.28 times more likely to achieve greater than 70% compared to students allowed only one attempt.

Do you have any further questions or want more details?

Here are 5 related questions:
1. What is the confidence interval for this relative risk?
2. How does the p-value affect the interpretation of this result?
3. How could this trial be improved to reduce bias?
4. What is the difference between relative risk and odds ratio?
5. How do confounding variables impact randomized controlled trials?

**Tip:** The relative risk provides a direct measure of association, but always consider confounders and biases in study designs.

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to explore if two attempts achieved better results for a series of quizzes compared to a single attempt. A large cohort of students was randomized into two groups; students in group A (exposed) were told to submit two attempts for every quiz while students in group B (not exposed) were only allowed to submit one attempt. An overall grade of greater than 70% was considered the desirable 'outcome'. There were 1083 students in group A and out of these 894 achieved greater than 70%, while there were a total of 1249 students in group B and 164 scored higher than 70%. Calculate a 'suitable' measure of association/effect to find out if students using both attempts were more likely to achieve >70% compared to those with single attempt.

Calculate the relative risk of students achieving greater than 70% in quiz performance with two attempts versus one. A randomized trial comparing 1083 students in Group A (two attempts) with 1249 in Group B (one attempt) found that students allowed two attempts were 6.28 times more likely to score above 70%. Suitable for statistics students in Grades 11-12 and college.

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