A rectangular waveguide is measuring a=4.5 cm, 

b=3cm and 9GHz signal propagated in it. Calculate 

guide wavelength, phase and group velocities for 

dominant mode.

To solve for the guide wavelength, phase velocity, and group velocity of the rectangular waveguide, we need to follow these steps for the dominant mode (TE₁₀ mode).

### Given:
- \( a = 4.5 \, \text{cm} = 0.045 \, \text{m} \) (broad dimension)
- \( b = 3 \, \text{cm} = 0.03 \, \text{m} \) (narrow dimension)
- Frequency, \( f = 9 \, \text{GHz} = 9 \times 10^9 \, \text{Hz} \)

The dominant mode in a rectangular waveguide is the TE₁₀ mode, and the waveguide cutoff frequency for the TE₁₀ mode is given by:

\[
f_c = \frac{c}{2a}
\]
where \( c = 3 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s} \) is the speed of light.

### Step 1: Calculate the cutoff frequency

\[
f_c = \frac{3 \times 10^8}{2 \times 0.045} = 3.33 \, \text{GHz}
\]

### Step 2: Guide wavelength \( \lambda_g \)

The guide wavelength is given by:

\[
\lambda_g = \frac{\lambda_0}{\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{f_c}{f}\right)^2}}
\]
where \( \lambda_0 \) is the wavelength in free space:

\[
\lambda_0 = \frac{c}{f} = \frac{3 \times 10^8}{9 \times 10^9} = 0.0333 \, \text{m} = 3.33 \, \text{cm}
\]

Now, calculate the guide wavelength:

\[
\lambda_g = \frac{0.0333}{\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{3.33}{9}\right)^2}} = \frac{0.0333}{\sqrt{1 - 0.137}} = \frac{0.0333}{0.933} = 0.0357 \, \text{m} = 3.57 \, \text{cm}
\]

### Step 3: Phase velocity \( v_p \)

The phase velocity is given by:

\[
v_p = \frac{c}{\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{f_c}{f}\right)^2}}
\]

Substituting values:

\[
v_p = \frac{3 \times 10^8}{\sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{3.33}{9}\right)^2}} = \frac{3 \times 10^8}{0.933} = 3.215 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s}
\]

### Step 4: Group velocity \( v_g \)

The group velocity is given by:

\[
v_g = c \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{f_c}{f}\right)^2}
\]

Substituting values:

\[
v_g = 3 \times 10^8 \times \sqrt{1 - \left(\frac{3.33}{9}\right)^2} = 3 \times 10^8 \times 0.933 = 2.799 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s}
\]

### Summary of results:
- Guide wavelength \( \lambda_g = 3.57 \, \text{cm} \)
- Phase velocity \( v_p = 3.215 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s} \)
- Group velocity \( v_g = 2.799 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s} \)

Would you like more details on any of these steps?

### 5 Related Questions:
1. How would the guide wavelength change if the frequency increased?
2. What happens to the group velocity as the operating frequency approaches the cutoff frequency?
3. How do higher modes (e.g., TE₁₁, TE₂₀) affect the wave propagation in a rectangular waveguide?
4. Can you calculate the cutoff frequency for the TE₁₁ mode in the same waveguide?
5. How would the results change if the waveguide had a different broad dimension?

### Tip:
In waveguides, the phase velocity always exceeds the speed of light, but the signal information travels at the group velocity, which remains below the speed of light.

A rectangular waveguide is measuring a=4.5 cm, b=3cm and 9GHz signal propagated in it. Calculate guide wavelength, phase and group velocities for dominant mode.

Calculate the guide wavelength, phase velocity, and group velocity for a rectangular waveguide with dimensions 4.5 cm by 3 cm at 9 GHz frequency. This solution includes key electromagnetic concepts such as waveguide theory and wave propagation for the dominant TE₁₀ mode. Suitable for undergraduate-level studies.

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