Math Problem Statement

Define the double factorial of 𝑛 , ο»Ώdenoted 𝑛 ! ! , ο»Ώas follows: 𝑛 ! β‰  { 1 * 3 * 5 c d o t s ( 𝑛

2 ) * 𝑛

𝑖 𝑓

𝑛

𝑖 𝑠

o d d

2 * 4 * 6 c d o t s ( 𝑛

2 ) * 𝑛

𝑖 𝑓

𝑛

𝑖 𝑠

e v e n

and (

1 ) ! β‰  0 ! β‰  1 . Find the radius of convergence for the given power series. βˆ‘ 𝑛

1 ∞ 5 𝑛 * 𝑛 ! * ( 4 𝑛 + 2 ) ! * ( 2 𝑛 ) ! ! 6 𝑛 * [ ( 𝑛 + 3 ) ! ] 4 * ( 4 𝑛

1 ) ! ! (

3 π‘₯ + 4 ) 𝑛 The radius of convergence, 𝑅

Solution

To find the radius of convergence for the given power series, we need to analyze the series:

βˆ‘n=1∞5nβ‹…n!β‹…(4n+2)!β‹…(2n)!!6nβ‹…[(n+3)!]4β‹…(4nβˆ’1)!!(βˆ’3x+4)n\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{5^n \cdot n! \cdot (4n+2)! \cdot (2n)!!}{6^n \cdot [(n+3)!]^4 \cdot (4n-1)!!} (-3x + 4)^n

The radius of convergence RR can be determined using the ratio test. First, let's simplify the expression inside the summation:

  1. Double factorial expressions:

    • For an odd nn: (2nβˆ’1)!!=(2nβˆ’1)Γ—(2nβˆ’3)Γ—β‹―Γ—3Γ—1(2n-1)!! = (2n-1) \times (2n-3) \times \cdots \times 3 \times 1
    • For an even nn: (2n)!!=2nβ‹…n!(2n)!! = 2^n \cdot n!
    • For (4nβˆ’1)!!(4n-1)!! and (2n)!!(2n)!!, we need to apply these definitions accordingly.
  2. Apply the ratio test: lim⁑nβ†’βˆžβˆ£an+1an∣\lim_{n \to \infty} \left| \frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} \right| where an=5nβ‹…n!β‹…(4n+2)!β‹…(2n)!!6nβ‹…[(n+3)!]4β‹…(4nβˆ’1)!!(βˆ’3x+4)na_n = \frac{5^n \cdot n! \cdot (4n+2)! \cdot (2n)!!}{6^n \cdot [(n+3)!]^4 \cdot (4n-1)!!} (-3x + 4)^n.

To simplify, let's compute the ratio ∣an+1an∣\left| \frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} \right|:

[ \left| \frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} \right| = \left| \frac{5^{n+1} \cdot (n+1)! \cdot (4(n+1)+2)! \cdot (2(n+1))!!}{6^{n+1} \cdot [(n+4)!]^4 \cdot (4(n+1)-1)!!} \cdot \frac{6^n \cdot [(n+3)!]^4 \cdot (4n-1)!!}{5^n \cdot n! \cdot (4n+2)! \cdot (2n)!!} (-3x+4) \right| ]

Simplify the ratio:

=∣5β‹…5nβ‹…(n+1)β‹…n!β‹…(4n+6)!β‹…2β‹…(2n)!!6β‹…6nβ‹…(n+1+3)!β‹…(n+3)!3β‹…(4n+3)!!β‹…6nβ‹…(n+3)!4β‹…(4nβˆ’1)!!5nβ‹…n!β‹…(4n+2)!β‹…(2n)!!(βˆ’3x+4)∣= \left| \frac{5 \cdot 5^n \cdot (n+1) \cdot n! \cdot (4n+6)! \cdot 2 \cdot (2n)!!}{6 \cdot 6^n \cdot (n+1+3)! \cdot (n+3)!^3 \cdot (4n+3)!!} \cdot \frac{6^n \cdot (n+3)!^4 \cdot (4n-1)!!}{5^n \cdot n! \cdot (4n+2)! \cdot (2n)!!} (-3x+4) \right|

=∣5β‹…2β‹…(4n+6)(4n+5)(4n+4)!β‹…(2n+2)(2n)!6β‹…6nβ‹…6β‹…(n+3)!3β‹…(4n+3)(4n+2)(4n+1)(4n)!β‹…6nβ‹…(4nβˆ’1)!!(4n+2)!β‹…(2n)!!(βˆ’3x+4)∣= \left| \frac{5 \cdot 2 \cdot (4n+6)(4n+5)(4n+4)! \cdot (2n+2)(2n)!}{6 \cdot 6^n \cdot 6 \cdot (n+3)!^3 \cdot (4n+3)(4n+2)(4n+1)(4n)!} \cdot \frac{6^n \cdot (4n-1)!!}{(4n+2)! \cdot (2n)!!} (-3x+4) \right|

Simplify the factorial terms and constants:

=∣10β‹…5nβ‹…(4n+6)(4n+5)(4n+4)!β‹…(2n+2)6n+1β‹…(4n+3)(4n+2)(4n+1)(4n)!β‹…(βˆ’3x+4)∣= \left| \frac{10 \cdot 5^n \cdot (4n+6)(4n+5)(4n+4)! \cdot (2n+2)}{6^{n+1} \cdot (4n+3)(4n+2)(4n+1)(4n)!} \cdot (-3x+4) \right|

Using Stirling's approximation for large nn:

n!β‰ˆ2Ο€n(ne)nn! \approx \sqrt{2 \pi n} \left(\frac{n}{e}\right)^n

Applying this to the factorials:

lim⁑nβ†’βˆžβˆ£56β‹…5n6nβ‹…10β‹…(4n+6)(4n+5)(4n+3)(4n+2)(4n+1)(βˆ’3x+4)∣\lim_{n \to \infty} \left| \frac{5}{6} \cdot \frac{5^n}{6^n} \cdot \frac{10 \cdot (4n+6)(4n+5)}{(4n+3)(4n+2)(4n+1)} (-3x+4) \right|

This simplifies further, but the dominant terms are:

∣56(βˆ’3x+4)βˆ£β†’0\left| \frac{5}{6} (-3x+4) \right| \to 0

Thus, the radius of convergence RR is given by the reciprocal of the limit of the ratio:

R=1lim⁑nβ†’βˆžβˆ£56∣R = \frac{1}{\lim_{n \to \infty} \left| \frac{5}{6} \right|}

Finally,

R=65R = \frac{6}{5}

So, the radius of convergence RR is 65\frac{6}{5}.

Would you like more details or have any questions? Here are five more questions you might find interesting:

  1. What is the radius of convergence for the series βˆ‘n=0∞(2n)!(n!)2xn\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(2n)!}{(n!)^2} x^n?
  2. How do you find the interval of convergence for a power series?
  3. Can you explain the ratio test in more detail?
  4. What is the relationship between the radius of convergence and the interval of convergence?
  5. How do you apply Stirling's approximation to factorials in series convergence problems?

Tip: When using the ratio test, always ensure to simplify the terms carefully to avoid mistakes in calculating the limit.

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Math Problem Analysis

Mathematical Concepts

Power Series
Double Factorial
Radius of Convergence
Ratio Test
Stirling's Approximation

Formulas

Double factorial definition
Ratio test formula

Theorems

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Suitable Grade Level

Advanced undergraduate