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Let's solve this step-by-step based on the given information.

### 1. **Debtors and Creditors:**
   - Opening Debtors (31st March, 2018): ₹6,77,000
   - Closing Debtors (31st March, 2019): ₹5,60,000
   - Opening Creditors (31st March, 2018): ₹5,00,000
   - Closing Creditors (31st March, 2019): ₹3,60,000

### 2. **Bills Payable and Bills Receivable:**
   - Opening Bills Payable: ₹4,00,000
   - Closing Bills Payable: ₹5,20,000
   - Opening Bills Receivable: ₹1,80,000
   - Closing Bills Receivable: ₹1,50,000

### 3. **Opening Stock and Missing Closing Stock:**
   - Opening Stock: ₹2,50,000
   - Closing Stock: `?` (This needs to be calculated).

### 4. **Transactions During the Year Ended 31st March, 2019:**

   - Discount allowed to Customers: ₹22,000
   - Discount allowed by Suppliers: ₹15,000
   - Bills Payable Discharged: ₹7,20,000
   - Bills Receivable Collected: ₹4,40,000
   - Returns Inwards: ₹1,82,000
   - Returns Outwards: ₹94,000
   - Bad Debts: ₹60,000
   - Bills Receivable Dishonoured: ₹32,000
   - Cash Paid to Creditors: ₹26,00,000
   - Cash Received from Debtors: ₹45,00,000
   - Cash Sales: ₹8,25,000
   - Cash Purchases: ₹21,00,000

### 5. **Additional Information:**
   - The uniform sale price of goods is "cost plus 25%". This means the selling price is 125% of the cost.

---

To calculate the **Closing Stock**, **Total Sales**, and **Total Purchases**, we need to proceed systematically using the given transactions and opening balances.

I'll calculate these step-by-step starting with total sales and purchases, and then derive the closing stock.### 1. **Total Sales**: ₹50,94,000  
   This is calculated from both cash sales and credit sales.

### 2. **Total Purchases**: ₹46,69,000  
   This includes both cash purchases and credit purchases.

Now, we can calculate the **closing stock** using the formula derived from the trading account:

\[
\text{Closing Stock} = \text{Opening Stock} + \text{Total Purchases} - \text{Cost of Goods Sold}
\]

To find the cost of goods sold (COGS), we use the relationship between sales and cost. Since the sale price is 125% of the cost, we can determine the cost of goods sold as:

\[
\text{COGS} = \frac{\text{Total Sales}}{1.25}
\]

I'll calculate the closing stock next.### 3. **Closing Stock**: ₹8,43,800

This is calculated based on the formula:

\[
\text{Closing Stock} = \text{Opening Stock} + \text{Total Purchases} - \text{Cost of Goods Sold}
\]

---

Would you like a detailed breakdown of any specific step or have any further questions?

Here are 5 related questions that could expand your understanding:

1. How is the cost of goods sold (COGS) influenced by the markup or margin?
2. What role do returns inwards and outwards play in financial accounting?
3. How would the calculations change if the discount rates were different?
4. What is the difference between bills payable and bills receivable in this context?
5. How do bad debts affect the overall financial health of a company?

**Tip:** When calculating total sales from both cash and credit components, always adjust for bad debts and discounts to ensure accuracy.

From the following information, calculate closing stock on 31st March 2019 and total sales and total purchases for the year ended 31st March 2019.

Learn how to calculate closing stock, total sales, and total purchases using accounting formulas. This problem involves applying key concepts of financial transactions, such as cost of goods sold (COGS), and handling different transactions like returns, discounts, and debt adjustments.

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