The number of ways to arrange 5 math textbooks on a shelf can be calculated using the concept of permutations. Since each arrangement is distinct and we are arranging all 5 textbooks, we can calculate it as:

$5! = 5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1 = 120$

So, there are 120 ways to arrange the 5 math textbooks on the shelf.

Would you like a more detailed explanation or have any questions?

Here are five related questions to explore further:

1. How many ways can 6 textbooks be arranged on a shelf?
2. What if only 3 of the 5 textbooks are to be arranged on the shelf?
3. How does the arrangement change if some books are identical?
4. How many ways can 7 distinct objects be arranged in a row?
5. How would the solution change if there are conditions, like two specific books must be next to each other?

Tip: When arranging distinct objects in a line, the number of possible arrangements is given by the factorial of the number of objects (n!).